The Influence of Arts in Education a Problem Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Influence of Arts in Education: a Problem Analysis Essay The American sheets of training have directed that the accentuation in instruction would be on math, science, and perusing, and hence they cut back on different projects. The extreme spotlight on the fundamental abilities is an ocean of progress in American instructional practice, with numerous schools that once offered rich educational plans presently methodicallly cutting courses like social examinations, science and especially craftsmanship (Dillon, 2006). The government through the LIST. Division Of Education and the National Endowment for the Arts has kept up a predictable association With expressions instruction in the government funded schools in the course of the most recent 10 years. This has happened to a limited extent through focused subsidizing for programs?often including readerships among schools and network associations; proficient improvement for educators and showing specialists; and exploration and assessment. The tuft organizations have collaborated also in the information assortment endeavors of the National Center for Education Statistics, which give significant bits of knowledge into the status and state of expressions instruction in the nation. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (UNCLE) is ostensibly the most critical government activity to influence expressions training, and instruction for the most part, in the last decade?if not the most recent 40 years. We will compose a custom paper on The Influence of Arts in Education: a Problem Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now This enactment, similarly as with the Goals 2000 law, is an update of the fundamental deader training law initially sanctioned in 1965. No Child Left Behind was marked into law in January 2002. It extended the government job in instruction so as to close the accomplishment hole among burdened and minority understudies and their companions, To conform to the law, states have created plans to expand understudy accomplishment and have define execution objectives, which all understudies are relied upon to meet by 2013-14 in perusing and science. In pretty much every area of the law, UNCLE focuses on that choice about the designation of government assets for instruction ought to be grounded in deductively based exploration. The expectation, as deciphered by the Department of Education, is to change instruction into a proof based field. In training, high grades implies higher financial plan. In any case, in a bombing economy, schools need to conclude vatu is increasingly significant: all around flushed out craftsmanship classes that can't accumulate observational information concerning their movement, or having test scores that satisfy UNCLE guideline. The emergency Of cash is genuine, so in light of the fact that music and expressions of the human experience arent government-tried like perusing, composing and math are. School regions are forced into cutting them first. It places chiefs in a truly awkward position since they see he focal points of expressions of the human experience, however when the understudies are being tried in certain territories and not others, the assets and cash will in general follow the testing. Expressions of the human experience programs will in general be cut first therefore. Practically every school where expressions of the human experience programs are cut, show a diminishing in resolve and participation. There is likewise an expansion in vandalism and disturbances, so inside a couple of years, the majority Of them have needed to add extra disciplinary staff to deal with the issues that were made by not giving a full array Of information that people need. These staff increases cost more than keeping human expressions programs in the schools ND are harming trying scores all the while. Normally made by business test distributers, government sanctioned tests are intended to give a typical proportion of understudies execution. Since huge quantities of understudies all through the nation step through a similar examination, they give teachers a typical measuring stick or standard of measure. Teachers utilize these state administered tests to tell how well school programs are succeeding or to give themselves an image of the aptitudes and capacities of todays understudies. In any case, the outcomes from these tests can just assist educators with creating programs that suit understudies accomplishment levels in explicit item territories, for example, understanding math, language abilities, spelling, or science (Dillon 2006), These are the tests that energize instructors and overseers settle on choices in regards to the instructional program. They assist schools with estimating how understudies in a given class, school, or educational system act corresponding to different understudies who step through a similar exam. Utilizing the outcomes from these tests, educators and managers assess the educational system and the supported school programs. As schools progressively shape their classes to create high grades, numerous fundamental abilities not estimated by tests just dont get instructed (Wetland, game; Winner, 2007). The understudy that is then dependent upon this way of guidance is arranged in the possibility that information just Comes from the subjects tried, and is then limited into just those regions of polished methodology. It appears to be conceivable to envision that craftsmanship classes may help fill the hole by empowering various types Of reasoning. While understudies in craftsmanship classes learn strategies explicit to workmanship, theyre additionally showed a wonderful cluster Of mental propensities not stressed somewhere else in school. Such aptitudes incorporate visual-spatial capacities, reflection, self-analysis. Also, the eagerness to explore and gain from botches (Dickinson, McKenna, game; Deletions, 997). All are imperative to various professions, for example, Business Management, Entrepreneurship, Politics, and Teaching, however are broadly disregarded by todays state administered tests. Whats progressively, the vast majority of the propensities got inside expressions instruction really help in anticipation of state administered tests. The connection between expressions learning and the SAT is of significant enthusiasm to anybody worried about school preparation and affirmations issues. The SAT Reasoning Test (once in the past known as the SAT l) is the most generally utilized test offered by the College Board as part tot its SAT Program. It surveys understudies verbal and math abilities and information and is depicted as a normalized proportion of school status. Numerous open schools and colleges use SAT scores in affirmations. Almost 50% of the countries 3,000,000 secondary school graduates in 2005 took the SAT. Various autonomous investigations have demonstrated expanded long periods of enlistment in expressions courses are emphatically related with higher SAT verbal and math scores. Secondary school understudies who take expressions classes have higher math and verbal SAT scores than understudies who take no expressions Arts support and SAT scores co-vary?that is, they will in general increment directly: the more expressions classes, the more instructive propensities are gotten, and the higher the scores. One of these propensities is industriousness: Students deal with ventures over supported timeframes and are relied upon to discover important issues and drive forward through dissatisfaction. An ethnographic investigation of seventh grade young men in a custom curriculum uncovered utilization of the visual expressions helped them become increasingly modern, less hesitant perusers. Depicted as learning debilitated, the young men were urged to utilize visual types Of articulation to pass on their comprehension Of understanding assignments. Following a nine-week course of perception preparing, they additionally played an increasingly dynamic job in supporting and started to decipher text instead of inactively understanding it. Another is articulation: Students are encouraged to move past specialized expertise to make works wealthy in feeling, environment, and their very own voice or vision. In a test research investigation of secondary young understudies, the individuals who contemplated move scored higher than uncontrollability on proportions of inventive speculation, particularly in the classes of familiarity, creativity and theoretical idea, Whether artists can utilize their unique conceptual deduction abilities in different controls is a significant zone of investigation. A third is clarifying associations among homework and the world outside the study hall: Students are instructed to consider their to be as a feature of the bigger craftsmanship world, over a significant time span. Every one of these propensities unmistakably has a job in first class and learning, however we were especially struck by the possibly wide estimation of four different sorts of reasoning being instructed in the workmanship classes we reported: watching, imagining, enhancing through investigation, and intelligent self-assessment Though unquestionably more hard to measure on a test than understanding appreciation or math calculation, each has a high incentive as a learning device, both in school and somewhere else throughout everyday life. We dont need human expressions in our schools to raise scientific and verbal aptitudes we as of now focus on these in math and language expressions. .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc , .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc .postImageUrl , .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc , .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc:hover , .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc:visited , .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc:active { border:0!important; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc:active , .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u87184f5cc714837db3b51f1b3d6f42fc .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; fon

Risk Identification and Management Plan-Samples for Students

Question: You are required to follow the Project Management Institute Process for Managing Project Risks. Answer: Presentation Hazard the board is the procedure we have to use in venture the executives to control the three requirements of the undertaking that is the time, the extension and the cost[1]. This hazard the board plan gives a method or venture to control the adjustments in the extension, the time and the expense from getting invade. Foundation of the contextual investigation OIT (Office of Information Technology) of SFSU (Silicon Forest State University) use ticketing programming to track and report the bugs which gets created in all the offices in the college. The front end clients were utilizing Window based Remedy programming, yet the back end clients utilizes UNIX based programming Request Tracker. Due to which the exchange of data among front and back end should be done physically entering the information from Remedy to Request Tracker. In this way, it was chosen by leader of the branch of USS (User Support Services) to supplant the ticketing programming of front end client by Request Tracker. The undertaking was administered by Ron Bashley, also he was answerable for making interfaces and Harry Bonnett for supplanting the by Request Tracker. So the undertaking degree is to supplant the Remedy by Project Tracker framework. Hazard Management Plan The threats in any endeavor are directed on the reason of the techniques described in the hazard and risks organization structure. The exercises which remembers for the arrangement of hazard the board plan are Identification of Risk, Risk Analysis, Risk Monitoring and Risk Mitigation[2]. The dangers are of two sorts, one is sure hazard which is the chances and we should consistently embrace methodology to investigate for the expansion and the negative dangers are the hazard for which moderation plan is finished. The dangers can be of numerous sorts, and equipped for affecting cost, plan, quality, specialized, legally binding, acquirement, approaches etc.[3]. A definitive point of the arrangement is to set the relief activity plan for all the distinguished dangers uncommonly the high or medium-high zone[4]. There are different kinds of dangers alleviation procedures or steps which should be followed to for the correct relief arranging. There can be for the most part four kinds of reac tion after the evaluation of dangers are done, Avoidance, Acceptance, Mitigation and Deflection. Hazard Identification Unmistakable verification of threats ought to be done shrewdly to get to the whole situation of the undertaking and look past the cutoff points and out of the case considering. The most extreme itemized distinguishing proof of dangers should be finished. While distinguishing hazard it must be remembered that the dangers won't postpone the task except if it is recognized and relief arranging done, however the danger will stay with those which are yet to be recognized if couldn't be distinguished. In like manner all the plausible rundown of dangers (positive or negative) should be reported in register. Hazard/Opportunity Identification Number Date Logged Raised By Status Type Depiction and Cause 1 24/08/2017 Ron Open Hazard There is a danger of making some miss correspondence during the venture stage due to the non-utilizing of 'Cure' programming in the front end client gathering 2 24/08/2017 Ron Open Hazard There is a danger of non-conveyance of the email sent from end use gathering to back end bunch for some bug correction 3 24/08/2017 Harry Open Opportunity There is a chance of improving the correspondence and limiting any blunders between the clients and back end by the implantation of 'Solicitation Tracker' all over all through the branches of the college. So if doing the UI and substitution of the product 'Cure' could be sped up, the correspondence can be made simpler certainly before a half year of time 4 24/08/2017 Pike Open Hazard There is a danger of slipping the conveyance date in light of taking such a great amount of time in social affair the necessities from the clients Hazard Analysis [5] Hazard/Opportunity Analysis Number Depiction and Cause Probability Outcome 1 There is a danger of making some miss correspondence during the task stage due to the non-utilizing of 'Cure' programming in the front end client gathering Practically Certain Major 2 There is a danger of non-conveyance of the email sent from end use gathering to back end bunch for some bug amendment Conceivable Major 3 There is a chance of improving the correspondence and limiting any blunders between the clients and back end by the implantation of 'Solicitation Tracker' all over all through the branches of the college. So if doing the UI and substitution of the product 'Cure' could be sped up, the correspondence can be made simpler certainly before a half year of time Conceivable Moderate 4 There is a danger of slipping the conveyance date as a result of taking such a great amount of time in social event the prerequisites from the clients Conceivable Major So in the wake of plotting it in the lattice Hazard reactions plan for recognized dangers. Following moves can be made to build the chance and reduction the danger: Hazard No. 1 (Extreme Risk): the hazard must be kept away from at any expense to maintain a strategic distance from raise of any significant issue during the undertaking stage. In this way, audit addressing recurrence should be expanded for individual association a maintain a strategic distance from any miss correspondence Hazard No. 2 (High): any significant issue which has been sent through messages should again be confirmed verbally over telephone with respect to its receipt Opportunity No. 3 (Medium): progressively devoted colleagues should be included and resources ought to be extended if possible from some division for the undertaking stage. Hazard No. 4 (High): need to keep away from by expanding the assets in the task Checking and Controlling Risks The dangers recognized should be examined first in all survey gatherings with the goal that the issues can be followed all through the venture life cycle and at whatever point felt is going genuine, some additional estimates should be taken to again diminish the chance and effect of the negative hazard. Simultaneously if some other dangers come in to mind of any colleagues, it must be recorded first n the register and afterward followed by the previous dangers too in the wake of doing the correct investigation and moderation plan. Avocation This arrangement has caught all the necessary parameters for investigating it appropriately and screen during the venture stage by talking about the issue or the open doors first during all the week by week survey gatherings with the goal that it gets the greatest significance among all partners. If there should be an occurrence of progress in status of any dangers or openings, it should be educated to all the related colleagues. End This is to finish up the entire report is created based on the dangers and the open doors being recognized which the group can faces in execution stage. At that point the examination is acted in the most ideal way, in spite of the fact that the quantities of dangers in the register are less, however it tends to be expanded by gathering further information from other colleagues as well. The alleviation plans are likewise sufficiently able to counter the dangers and upgrade the chance. References Rajman Md. Rawi. (2013, December) Project Risk Identification for New Project Manager. [Online]. https://www.projecttimes.com/articles/venture chance recognizable proof for-new-venture manager.html mark Piscopo. (2017) Risk Management Plan. [Online]. https://www.projectmanagementdocs.com/venture arranging layouts/hazard the board plan.html#axzz4qmTwRGbJ et al. Wiley. (2017) 11.2 Risk Management Process. [Online]. https://pm4id.org/section/11-2-chance administration process/ Science Enginerng Medicine. (2017) Chapter: 5 Risk Mitigation. [Online]. https://www.nap.edu/read/11183/part/7#51 Sidharth Thakur. (2015, June) A Critical Tool for Assessing Project Risk. [Online]. https://www.brighthubpm.com/hazard the executives/88566-apparatus for-evaluating venture chance/

Advantages of the Lady of Shalott Essay Topic

Advantages of the Lady of Shalott Essay TopicThe Lady of Shalott Essay Topic is one of the most powerful and persuasive essay topics to have ever been written. No matter what your subject, this is a topic that lends itself well to an essay. There are many advantages to this specific essay topic and the following article will outline them for you.The first advantage to writing the Lady of Shalott essay topic is that you can write it as an essay or as a short story. It can be easily adapted into either format. For instance, if you write it as a short story, you may not have to keep track of long lists of facts and figures in the grammar section of your essay.The second advantage to writing the Lady of Shalott essay topic is that it lends itself well to the art of storytelling. You can use powerful words that have meaning to tell a story. In addition, it is an easy to understand story that will carry your listener with the story and compel them to pick up your tone. And, when they do pi ck up your tone, they will immediately begin to get emotionally attached to your narrator.The third advantage to these essay topics is that they are often relevant. The different lives of Shalott are great for each essay topic. They can also serve as a catalyst for some combination of emotion, action, and argument that will make the reader think about the details of the life and bring back memories and insights about that life.The fourth advantage to the Lady of Shalott essay topics is that they are very quick and easy to write. It is fairly easy to keep track of the different life events and the different perspectives of the character. This can help to keep the writer's attention on their intended information.Thefifth advantage to these essay topics is that they do not need to be centered around anything. In other words, this is an essay topic that can be used to bring the entire story of the character. This can help the writer to have more options for their readers, as well as hel p to keep the theme of the story more consistent throughout the whole essay.The sixth advantage to these essay topics is that they are popular and well-liked by many. This means that you do not need to spend money on advertising and promotions to be able to sell the topic. If a reader enjoys this essay topic, they will want to read more about the person involved and will share the information that they have with others.As you can see, there are many advantages to using these essay topics. You can use the Lady of Shalott essay topic to make your essay very successful. In fact, I would encourage you to start looking for essays that are related to the life of Shalott and to try to incorporate those life themes into your own essays.

The Similarities Between Monetary and Fiscal Policy

Essay on John Adams and Thomas Jefferson - 1726 Words

Relationship with One Another The relationship between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson was one of the most iconic and symbolic relationships in American history not only for its many ups and downs, but also for its great effects on the founding and governing of America. Thomas Jefferson and John Adams met for the first time in 1775 and almost immediately developed a friendly liking toward each other. For the first two decades of their friendship, Jefferson and Adams constantly exchanged praises and affection to one another. Jefferson described Adams as â€Å"so amiable† that anyone would â€Å"love him if becoming acquainted.† Adams also wrote to Jefferson that â€Å"intimate correspondence with you is one of the most agreeable events in my†¦show more content†¦This deepened conflicts between Republican Jefferson and Federalist Adams even more, for Jefferson felt like John Adams deliberately did this to beat down and erase all the works of Republicanism. Je fferson called this event â€Å"a personal displeasure.†[9] Even though Thomas Jefferson won the repeal of Judiciary Act of 1801 one year later, the friendship between him and John Adams was no longer. The dramatic friendship between Adams and Jefferson took another turn in 1812 when they finally listened to patriot and physician Benjamin Rush to reconcile their relationship, which had been suggested and encouraged by Rush for the past three years. Benjamin Rush also had a dream that Adams and Jefferson reconciled their friendship and died almost at the same time.[10] First attempt to reconcile appeared in letters in 1813 when Jefferson looked back at French Revolution and admitted that Adams had been right. In 1789, Adams had envisioned that the French Revolution would be a long-lasting and bloody war. He had also predicted that the Great Britain would win the European supremacy over France. Both these predictions later came to be true. Jefferson’s acknowledgment of Adams’ correct anticipation was unlike every bitter thing he had said about Adams before, which showed Jefferson’s courage and honesty in trying to understand Adams and restore their friendship.[11] In 14 years from 1812 to 1826, they exchanged 158 letters to one another.[12] Just like Benjamin RushShow MoreRelatedJohn Adams And Thomas Jefferson1478 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Adams and Thomas Jefferson were two revolutionaries who helped birth a nation through an idea of the United States. This idea included the equality of all men and their freedoms, such as religion, speech and liberties. Both Jefferson and Adams became politicians and rose to the position of President of the United States. John Adams took the position as the second President of the United States after serving as George Washington’s Vice President. Adams served as President from March 4, 1797Read MoreGeorge Washington, John Adams, And Thomas Jefferson1322 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Was hington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. Not only is this a list of US Presidents but it is also a list of three of the most well-known Founding Fathers. Yes, they have their reasons to be because each one of them have numerous achievements and have accomplished many things that others have not. But one Founding Father often over looked, and not just because he stands five feet four inches tall, is James Madison. With all due respect, James Madison has accomplishments that stand justRead MoreLiberalism, By Thomas Jefferson, John Locke, And Adam Smith1707 Words   |  7 Pagesarguably, the foundation the United States. Liberalism is the concept that society should operate on the principles of equality and liberty. Some of the main principles of liberalism that built the United States came from famous thinkers: Thomas Jefferson, John Locke, and Adam Smith. Each of these men believed individual liberty was at the heart of liberalism. The three main principles of liberalism that play a major role in its function are equal rights, individualism, and capitalism. However, are theseRead MoreThe Election of 1800 Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesthat victory by the other side would ruin their nation. The candidates were, Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson in the democratic-republican party, and John Adams, Charles Pinckney, and John Jay in the federalist party; The major presidential candidate in the election of 1800, were John Adams, running for his second term in office, against his old friend, the democratic-republicans Thomas Jefferson. 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Despite this, is there any conspiracy surrounding this great man? Why yes there is one for him. One of the most divisive rumor in the United States is between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings. The question do Jefferson fathered Sally Hemmings children? is the main question of this rumor up to until DNARead MoreThe United States Of The Declaration Of Independence1486 Words   |  6 Pagesindependent men who were interested in the future of the country and its ability to stand on its own. Some of the most important men who signed the Declaration of Independence include: George Washington, John Adams, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. The founding fathers were a group of men who were sick and tired of the abuse and mistreatment of the British soldiers in the 1700’s. There were times when soldiers would come in to homes and take theRead MoreA Friendship That Was At One Point Strong And Powerful Between Two Of Our Founding Fathers954 Words   |  4 Pagesfounding fathers then became challenging through their differences in belief in their political views. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson friendship began when they met at the 1775 Continental Congress in Philadelphia. The two developed a strong respect and liking for one another. They both worked together on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. On 1784 Thomas Jefferson joined Adams in France on diplomatic service. They would work together and keep each other a great deal of companyRead MoreDeciphering Memory : John Adams And Authorship Of The Declaration Of Independence Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesreview â€Å"Deciphering Memor y: John Adams and the Authorship of the Declaration of Independence† by Robert E. McGlone. Many people knew that Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. John Adams was one of the people who supported Independence and signed his name on the Declaration of Independence. From this article, I understood that memory could help people to find the truth. In the article, the author used lots resource and the pictures to explain that John Adams could remembers all experiencesRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Revolutionary War1050 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican land. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were two influential individuals, who were originally involved in the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Both were involved in the political side of the Revolutionary war, but when speaking of it, told alternate versions of the war. As they approached the end of their lives, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams dedicated themselves to telling extremely differentiating versions of the Revolutionary War; Jefferson focusing on the glory and Adams focusing

African Americans And The Civil War - 859 Words

In December of 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment officially banned slavery throughout the United States of America. After multiple centuries of chattel slavery, predominately in the American South, African-Americans were finally set free from bondage. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments quickly followed, granting citizenship to â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States† and granting African American men the right to vote, respectively. Naturally, Americans denoted these momentous legislative feats, collectively packaged as the Reconstruction Amendments, as a means of celebration for African-Americans. However, in order to rectify the extensive damage that the American Civil War caused on the South’s infrastructure, labor systems, and economy, white Americans went to extreme lengths via the legal system in order to mimic the antebellum practices of slavery in the South. As newly freed African-Americans sought to exercise their nascent constitutional rights, they were constantly slammed with new, legally permissible practices of exploitation and segregation. These practices are often ignored, despite the fact that they perpetually served to sustain a cap over the level of opportunity, achievement, and wealth in which black Americans could reach from the end of the Civil War to the 1950’s. Detrimental farm practices, which included convict leasing, and debt peonage, ran rampant at the turn of the twentieth century. Legal segregation and white racism heavilyShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And The Civil War1076 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout history African Americans have had is bad in the United States. First they went through slavery which lasted about two hundred year and was ended around the Civil War which was in the 1860s-1870s. Next after they went through slavery they went through the law of Jim Crow that started after the Civil War which stated, â€Å"Separate but Equal†, and that was not the case because African Americans were still treated as second class citizens. After about ninety years around the 1960s Dr. MartinRead MoreAfrican Americans and the Civil War774 Words   |  4 PagesEssay African Americans and the Civil War Slavery affected many of the political reasons that contributed to causing the Civil War in 1961. Most in the Northern states including President Lincoln were more concerned with preserving the Union rather than fighting for the freedom of all. On the other hand the South fought to preserve what they believed to be absolute state rights. However the overall goals of the war were altered significantly by the willingness of African Americans during war. ThisRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1449 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the Civil War began, they wanted to take part in fighting to free all slaves. At the end of the civil war passed the civil rights act that gave citizenship to people that are born in the united states, years later African American men were given the right to vote. This might give equal rights but African Americans are still being discriminated. Almost century later, African Americans are still being discriminated. They got jobs and their kids go to school, but more notice that it wasn t rightRead MoreThe Civil War On African Americans Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe years preceding the Civil War were monstrous for African Americans located in the South of the country. Northerners and Southerners would argue that their visions of how society is structured is the right way and should be expanded throughout the nation. Southerners claimed that slavery is okay, and it’s a positive labor system. On the contrary, Northerners claim that laborers should be paid by wage, men should have equal opportunities, and slaves should gain freedom. The four most significantRead MoreAfrican American And The Civil War876 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1865, when the civil war ended in America and slavery was abolished, the African American population in the South faced many challenges related to their new found freedom. Following the pos t-Civil War Reconstruction period, white supremacy resurfaced in the South (AE Television, 2015). Beginning in the early 1900s through 1970 there was a mass exodus of African American s from South to North America. Although some African American s were known to have moved from the South as early as 1850Read MoreThe Civil War Of African Americans1010 Words   |  5 Pagescentury. For an African American, the word â€Å"life† evolved from a word that meant absolutely nothing, to a word that stood for an individual’s highest commodity. After the civil war, emancipation for slaves transformed from a dream to a reality. Although the civil war finally ended in 1865 after four years of fighting, certain citizens and groups across the nation still remained in a state if disagreement with the freedom granted to African Americans. The years after the civil war revolutionizedRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1309 Words   |  6 PagesIn the summer of 1619, the fir st Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia not to live as free settlers but as subordinate slaves. They worked strenuously for Whites, who considered themselves superior to Africans, without much benefit. Racism is not just the belief that one race is superior to others, but the act of negatively identifying individuals based on the color of their skin. Attributing race to individual character has proven to have negative implications that are difficult to mend.Read MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1540 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical backdrop of the United States, African Americans have dependable been victimized. When Africans first came to America, they had no choice but to be slaves. The progressed toward becoming slaves to the rich, covetous, lethargic Americans. African Americans had given no compensation and regularly whipped and beaten. They battled for their opportunity, yet when the Civil War came African Americans had this logic that if they were to join the Ci vil War they could liberate all slaves. HoweverRead MoreAfrican Americans in the Civil War1971 Words   |  8 PagesAnderson HIST 3060 February 25, 13 African Americans and the Civil War The role African Americans played in the outcome, and the road to the outcome of the Civil War was immense. The fact that the south had slaves and the north did not played an enormous role in the issues. The north wanted to abolish slavery, and the south did not and after the war started this became one of the main reasons for the Civil War. Since most African Americans could not read or write, this made them an easyRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War971 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the civil war African Americans hoped that the world they lived in would be an equal one; little did they know they had more struggles to conquer. Three major amendments were passed to provide African Americans with equality; the 13th amendment officially and finally put an end to slavery and any future involuntary servitude, the 14th amendment states that colored men and women were given citizenship, and the 15th amendment gave black men the right to vote. Although these amendments were passed

A thing of beauty is a joy for Essay Example For Students

A thing of beauty is a joy for Essay A thing of beauty is a joy forever. How far and in what ways does Keats communicate this belief in his odes. Emotion was the key element of any Romantic poet, the intensity of which is present in all of Keats poems. Keats openly expressed feelings ignoring stylistic rules which suppressed other poets. Keat’s poems display a therapeutic experience, as many of his Odes show a sense of struggle to accept, and a longing to search for an emotion which he could feed off for his eternity. As romantics emphasised beauty in order to replace the lack of religion. The quote A thing of beauty is a joy forever, I believe tormented him ever since he wrote Endymion, the Odes to be discussed are hence almost a progression of thought and understanding of his own beliefs. ‘Ode to Autumn’ is perhaps the greatest of nature poems written , and I can only agree when Cedric Watts wrote that it is a richly resourceful yet alert and unsentimental’. Keats creates a sumptuousness which reflects the beauty he has found in Autumn. The intonation within the first stanza is almost of excitement, as if this beauty has suddenly unleashed itself onto his senses, its effect is more powerful than the drug induced mood in Nightingale. The first line introduces us to the personified autumn. The exclamatory phrase mellow fruitfulness heightens the syntax tone immediately and prepares the reader for a stanza rich in tactile and visual images which intensify this opening. The beauty of autumn is emphasised through phrases like; ripeness to the core, swell the gord, o’verbrimmed their clammy cells’. Keat’s use of the adjective plump as a verb excels this ripeness and together intensifies the beauty, which is emphasised through the repetition of more and still more. Keats almost forces his subject at us. The central stanza is almost a breathing space for the reader, to interact with the poem. Keats creates a hypnotic mood almost lethargic. Keats achieves this through his language. The use of carless and soft-lifted. The alliteration of winnowing winds and the assonance of sound asleep, almost attack our aural senses and draws us deep into an almost dream like state: Winnowing wind, or on a half-reaped furrow sound asleep, Drowsed with the fume of poppies’. The use of drowsed’ is deliberate and for emphasis, to achieve this tiredness, as does the sensual smells of poppies. The punctuation emphasises the intonation. The pause after the poppies is symbolic as it arouses us and tempts us to smell and hence we are enticed by the drug. The pause after grannery floor, reflects the carelessness mentioned and because it’s a natural process to pause after sitting. Keats is helping the reader to visualise Autumn’s movements through the stanza. In this stanza the syntax is longer unlike the first verse. In the line or by a cider-press, with patient look’ Keats creates balance with the pause, which implies order and emphasises the patience, almost reflecting Keats studied view of Autumn. The lethargic mood is increased in the second stanza , in the final line with: last oozings hours by hours, as the vowel sounds soften the syntax, and the repetitive hours almost drags the sentence along. The third stanza’s sudden questions where are th songs of spring? Ay, where are they?’ are too forceful and abrupt from the mood set in the previous stanza, it is almost annoying. It could almost be read as Keats projecting his thoughts, as if he was engulfed in Autumn’s beauty that he forgot ‘spring’. I believe Keats challenges us. We are so taken in with Autumn as he hypnotises our thoughts, that he deliberately breaks our concentration as he too has realised that seasons change and we should change with them. True, spring has its songs, but so does autumn! Keats realises that this beauty will not last forever, as seasons change, but this change brings new beauty. .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 , .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .postImageUrl , .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 , .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268:hover , .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268:visited , .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268:active { border:0!important; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268:active , .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268 .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf023825ea830cfb5226a3b8651304268:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Free Grapes of Wraths: Steinbeck's Language EssayThe onomatopoeia in the third stanza instigates a more active tone , the increasing rhythm almost represents a celebration, for the Wailful choir the small gnats mourn’ is contrasted with the loud bleat’,hedge-crickets sing’, redbreast whistles’

Global media and communication

The ability of an organization to generate and maintain market competitiveness forms one of the most critical elements in supporting its internal and external mechanisms for further growth and expansion. The increasing competition and pressure in the global business arena have largely compelled many businesses to seek opportunities where they can expand their operations on the international scale.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global media and communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The prosperity and viability of a firm expanding to another country greatly depend on an organizational ability to organize its communication systems efficiently and effectively (Dunn 2008, p. 193). Studies indicate that expanding a business to a different location is an initiative that requires proper planning and development of communication strategies with regards to operating in environments which are not familiar (Zhou, Zhuang Yip 2007, p.309). This paper analyses John Lewis, a fast growing departmental store in the United Kingdom and its expansion strategy. Besides, the paper examines and explores the United Arab Emirates as a likely location for John Lewis business to expand. A brief overview of John Lewis: John Lewis is a departmental chain store based in the UK. It operates about thirty two stores in its chain of operation. Additionally, the store stocks diverse range of products that include leisure and beauty goods, electrical, fashion products and home appliances (Zerbini, Golfetto Gibbert 2007, p. 784). Its key personnel include Charlie Mayfield who is the chairman, a managing director, a retail director, a brand and buying director, and a commercial director (Kissa, Danis, Cavusgil, 2011, p. 270). It has over seventy thousand employees in its partnership with other businesses working in its stores and in sister stores like Waitrose supermarkets (Winer 2009, p. 117). Since its inception, John Lewis and its partners have relied on distinctive positioning and not market leadership to drive customer loyalty and trust (Suh et al 2010, p. 211). Reports from Mintel (Consumer market reports for Europe and UK) indicate that John Lewis core strategy has made it a department store brand that is most trusted after MS.Advertising Looking for report on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has been able to nurture customer trust and confidence through delivering of quality services and products at competitive and genuine prices. This has enabled it survive many setbacks which include the 2008 recession. It has developed an online platform never Knowingly Undersold (NKU) where it markets and sells its products online locally and internationally (Suh et al 2010, p. 211). Financially, its financial year that ended in January 2011 saw its sales at  £2,661.9 million, an increase of 10.2% and its operating profits at  £201.2 million, an increase of over 21.3%. Its direct sales especially from fashions have increased its sales making total sales to reach a high of  £393.5 million (Kissa, Danis, Cavusgil, 2011, p. 270). The selected marketplace-United Arab Emirates Economic status of UAE The United Arabs Emirates economy over the last two decades has continued to grow and greatly impact the global economic status. Its economy to agree with Suh et al (2010, p. 213) has largely progressed and diversified based on the Human Development Index (HDI), consumption per capita and GDP per capita among other indicators. The United Arab Emirates with a GDP of $ 270 billion in 2008 was ranked 38th globally, third in the Middle East and second after Saudi Arabia. Statistics indicate that the current GDP growth of the UAE makes it a fastest growing economy. Besides, Al-Obaidi (2003, p. 98) points out that the UAE is an emerging market that is anchored by strong diversification, extern al trade and investments. Demographic characteristics of the United Arab Emirates The UAE has been ranked as one of the many nations in the world with the highest population (Dunn 2008, p. 195). The main contributing factor behind this high population density has been massive immigration over the years. In 2005, reports from the national Bureau of Statistics indicated that the UAE population was at 4,106,427 and in 2010; it had steadily rose to 8,190,000 with a growth rate of 3.282% (Dell’Orto 2010, p. 649). While it is true that the UK has a high literacy level of 99%, Petrilli (2004, p. 271) indicate that the UAE closely follows it with 77.9% with literacy levels among female population being 81.7% and male 76.1%. The literacy levels as Zhou, Zhuang and Yip (2007, p. 312) indicate are indeed important tools for developing an effective communication plan and also crucial for implementing marketing communication because they determine the approach to use when expanding to thi s market. In addition, over one third of the population in the UAE has access to the internet (Anon 2001, p. 87).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Global media and communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While this may be low compared to the over 75% of the UK population that has access to internet either in their homes or at workplaces, Scotton (2002, p. 277) argues that the access to internet in the UAE is definitely a critical tool because it will make it easy for John Lewis to conduct marketing communication to relay messages and gather feedback easily. At this point, Shankara et al (2011 p. 32) concurs with Scotton’s view on internet and literacy and adds that a highly literate society is a real asset towards any form of business expansion plans. Market availability and size of market: One major factor that global media and communication scholars emphasize on is the availability of market for an organization’s products (Winer 2009, p. 108). It is worth noting that the UAE business development environment has been very effective in the sense that products easily get a ready market because of the large population. Spinks and Wells (1997, p. 290) hold the view that a business expanding to this region stands a chance of enjoying an advantage of a large customer base. However, Cheng (2002, p. 230) partly agrees with Spinks and Wells but warns that with the UAE per capita being lower compared to that of UK, many people are unable to afford various products even those produced locally due to the weak purchasing power. In the UK, traders have an added advantage of an expanded market (entire EU bloc) where per capita is also higher compared to that of the United Arab Emirates (Ho Bill 2008, p. 293). However, businesses in the UAE continued to flourish with ease because the local population purchasing power is higher. Competition, entry threats and industry structure: The United Arab Emirates markets just like the UK markets are highly competitive because of high specificity of consumers and levels of industrialization (Chitakornkijsil 2009, p. 109). As a result this competitive environment makes marketing communication difficult because new ventures have more potential in asserting their brands (Ashutosh Suresh 2009, p. 605). Large organizations in the UK have to beat the existing giants in the UAE by using superior marketing communication designs to reach and put across their messages to consumers.Advertising Looking for report on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the UAE, Shankara et al (2011 p. 32) highlights that competition is even more difficult to counter because existing organizations are run by the government which has major interests in them and as such may prove to be a threat as well as a source of competition for John Lewis. The view by Shankara et al is strengthened by Arnaud and Bolton (2008, p. 155) who are afraid that the near monopolistic nature of the market is indeed less tolerant to emerging competitors and this makes it very difficult to penetrate. Communication strategies Entry to market Choosing an effective market entry mode has become one of the most important strategic choices facing many businesses intending to expand to foreign countries and compete favorably in the international market. Strategic management scholars indicate (Leeflang 2011, p. 76) that different businesses have diverse strategic orientations that reflected in the manner in which they are willing to organize their communication, control mechanis ms, prioritize resource allocations and take risks Zerbini, Golfetto and Gibbert (2007, p. 784) point out that the entry mode a business chooses depends on developing an effective communication strategy. Agreeably, Al-Obaidi (2003, p. 100) points out from a strategic capability theory that a media plan will minimize the chances of John Lewis failing in its new venture by providing it with competencies and capabilities based on intangible and tangible resources. Segmentation, targeting and positioning In their publication, Arnaud and Bolton (2008, p. 155) point out that segmentation, targeting and positioning are important components in developing a media plan that when appropriately implemented, a business’ competitive advantage become enhanced, its products gets identified, market segments corrected and market mix applied to maximize profits. In the case of John Lewis, moving to the United Arab Emirates will mean choosing potential locations such as the city centers where th e middle class and upper class people are and can buy its products. Once it has identified city centers as its segments, it will need to an appropriate media to market and carry out promotions of its products. Gaining more customers and a competitive advantage requires effective communication of products and costs to consumers (Chen, Shen and Chiu 2007, p. 1046). As such, in its positioning, it must set the prices of its products competitively and ensure that it communicates the information efficiently via a media. Branding Developing effective marketing and brand communication has become a central pillar to most organizations seeking to win greater national and international markets because of its capacity to link consumers and respective organizations as a method of branding, developing loyalty and levering demand for continued market dominance and profitability (Ho Bill 2008, p. 293). Marketing communication managers at John Lewis should carefully internalize national cultures a nd therefore design their brands in a manner that coheres with their orientation. Leeflang (2011, p. 76) posits that in the UAE, the population has come out as one that take a highly collectivist outlook which defines every aspect of the society. As such, by internalizing the collectivist nature through targeting groups and using symbols that are recognized collectively, John Lewis would easily increase their loyalty by the local population. Dunn (2008, p. 200) echoes the above argument and notes that incorporating an element of the UAE cultural outlook in market positioning would create a sense of identity by the local population and ultimately develop important support of products and services provided to the market. Globalization The theory of globalization focuses on cultural, political, social scenarios, economic conditions and development influences. It strongly claims that communication is a key component which has international aspects (Arnaud and Bolton 2008, p. 155). Arnau d and Bolton (2008, p. 155) points out that the current globalization trend facilitated by fluent, economic conditions and active worldwide communication systems has increased mobility in trade and financial resources. Globalization therefore plays a key role in creating a sphere where John Lewis will be able to establish economic and communication transactions when it expands to the UAE. In addition, Petrilli (2004, p. 192) indicate that globalization creates technological ties which do not only increase flexibility, but also enhances cultural communication. The international marketing mix John Lewis should pursue The expansion of John Lewis into the UAE will call upon its management to implement a marketing plan that will aid overcome challenges related to cost, competition and entry into a new market. Leeflang (2011, p. 76) argues that a company expanding to a new region and wishes to enjoy the advantages it had in its home country should devise and launch identical marketing pla ns. In its expansion, John Lewis should employ product, price, promotion and placement mix to capture the market in the UAE (See appendix I). In terms of product, John Lewis can have tweak elements but adopt a single fashion product for the market. The tweak elements will be seen in the manner of packaging and difference in size. In terms of price, the cost of products as well as the media channel to employ varies in different markets and may be affected by different variables cost of development and delivery (Leeflang 2011, p. 76). As such, John Lewis should go for a media which is less costly. Burt, Johhanson and Thelander (2011, p. 185) argue that distribution of products vary indifferent countries and are influenced by level of competition. As such in terms of placement, John Lewis placement plan must focus on the position of its products in the market place. On the issue of promotion, Dell’Orto (2010, p. 650) indicates that a proper media plan should be devised to cater for budgets related to advertisements and other marketing activities. Media plan Use of internet platforms The last two decades have seen information technology emerge as an unbeatable force and platform for communication whereby businesses have used the internet to reach their target consumers with ease (Anon 2001, p. 90). In the UAE, information technology has greatly developed and this would be the best platform John Lewis should use to post information to potential customers. Preferring to use the Arab times for efficiency and low cost, web banner page on products using banner 780 pages on all pages throughout the year on a monthly basis will cost 1200Ãâ€"12=14400 KD. Use of newspapers to relay messages Newspapers are some of the oldest forms of marketing communication that organizations use to relay their products information and reach potential messages (Shankara et al 2011, p. 30). They are therefore considered formal in most cases and used to relay official information abou t new products and press releases. In the UAE, printed press is considered to be very central in sending messages to customers and potential clients because it can reach even those far from major towns (Burt, Johhanson Thelander 2011, p. 190). Preferring to use the Arab Times for newspaper advertisement, the products will take the first business page, colored and half a page at 1800 thrice a week for a month. The total cost will be 1800Ãâ€"4 weeks Ãâ€" 3 days months= 21600 (See Appendix II). Reflection- strengths and weaknesses of media and communication strategies As Globalization progresses to all corners of the globe, it has become very critical to strategically reposition within the marketing realms for growth and development (Spinks and Wells 1997, p.290). Arguably, the ability to progressively articulate a holistic inclusion of consumers and traders as major stakeholders in products design and consumption has become more intense. Hebert, Roxell and Randy (2011, p. 1438) poi nt out that the use of media and effective communication strategies as links to consumers has therefore employed the notion where consumers are directly engaged and actively involved in determining the quality of products and services. This notion as Scotton (2002, p. 277) expresses in his publication derives necessary identity from consumers and subsequent loyalty with a company. However, media advertising has increasingly lost this notion due to the high costs involved and long term taken to respond to consumers’ demands. Strength Communication efficiency. Due to the fast rising competition in the business sector, it has become necessary to employ effective communication methods that guarantee expected objectives of a company. Indeed, many senior managers and executives of companies understand very well those media and communication strategies for critical tools in a business system. As a result, most businesses demand to get the direct feedback, both positive and negative feedback that tells the actual status of their products in the market (Dell’Orto 2010, p. 650). Through sales promotion, a direct link between consumers and the businesses is created through a consumer sales promotion where businesses interact with consumers. Besides, a business and other traders can also link via a trade sales promotion. As such, through the media, sales management teams of John Lewis will get into contact with their customers or respondents, collect their views, and access their perception with reference to the products being offered. According to Burt, Johhanson and Thelander (2011, p. 185), it is not enough to just have an excellent product with an excellent price in the market. However, tie-backs must be established to effect faster communication of alternatives to the consumers for higher returns. Weaknesses Time demands and efficiency: Media advertising takes long term consideration mainly because response from consumers nis mostly not immediate. Takin g into consideration the fact that media use and application is very costly, Leeflang (2011, p. 76) points out that there are great levels of inefficiency as companies tend to capitalize on major sections in the major newspapers and prime time to capture consumers attention. Scholars however appear divided over the issue in that most of the producers that have intensively applied sales promotion have indeed been very emphatic in the long term demands (Dell’Orto 2010, p. 650). In addition, media advertisement is a one way communication system where producer relies on the media for communication with target consumers. As a result, it takes much longer for the producer to get the correct negative feedback after an advert has been released to the traders and consumers in the market. With the advertising media being mainly informative, it therefore lacks the aggressive appeal necessary for the current dynamic market. According to Zerbini, Golfetto and Gibbert (2007, p. 784), moder n consumers have become skeptical about advertising as it has turned out to be a show of might which does not necessarily confer with the quality of products they get in the market. Most of the products quality difference is very limited for the consumers to determine through media advertising as opposed to practical methods. Chitakornkijsil (2009, p. 107) points out that they are greatly shortened and lack basic explanatory considerations available in sales promotions. Mintel consumer reports on John Lewis indicated that it was only after John Lewis refocused its long term advertising consideration and assimilated short term promotions based on incremental and cumulative sustenance that it managed to capture the market share of the UK fashion market in 2009 (Shankara et al 2011 p. 32). Operations and cost incurred Application of effective communication strategies has been more effective due to its ability to target specific populations in the market. Companies managements’ m ain considerations that dictate efficiency in media plan application is mainly the ability to reduce operation costs and precisely get the target consumers for their products (Shankara et al 2011 p. 32). Besides, the management team of acompany ensures that all the operations are carried out with the highest possible positive impacts aimed at achieving organizations’ goals and objectives. Good communication strategies have therefore turned out to fit in these brackets perfectly well. In the UAE, Suh et al (2010, p. 213) argue that it pays to particularly identify the potential consumers for a given product. Therefore, through undertaking effective communication methods especially in the major supermarkets, it is possible to avoid major wastages as it attracts only the target population. However, media use in communication is usually very costly and general in its targets. The struggle to get the best slot during prime time hours of the news and capturing sections of the news papers like the front pages makes them very expensive for businesses. It is also very wasteful in that it exposes the advert even to non-targeted population. Creativity application and appeal Sales promotion is applied in the field with use of tangible products and services to the consumers or traders. As a result there is greater tendency to carve the necessary rational appeal and conviction of the product to consumers. Media advertising on the other hand is highly emotional and seeks to create the necessary image and perception for a given brand. However, the discontinuity between the time of the advert and the real tangible products assimilation is highly perilous and may result to shifting of choice by the consumers. During the prime time periods, in the front pages of the papers, and major bill boards, it is possible for the consumer to get hundreds of adverts on different products like tooth paste brands, car brands, and shoes among others. This is highly confusing to the cons umers and the last advert may have greater impact on them than the initial ones. Conclusions To sum up, use of appropriate media plan as indicated in the paper forms a strong pillar that will ensure John Lewis expansion plans into the UAE is successful. The UAE is one of the fastest growing economies and provides a good market for John Lewis products. As noted, some of the media strategies that the company can implement include the use of internet, social networks, newspapers and other forms of media as this are affective in reaching a large group of customers of various social classes. Selecting a media channel which is cost effective is key in ensuring that the business saves its operating costs. 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Chen, C, Shen, C Chiu,W 2007. â€Å"Marketing communication strategies in support of product launch: An empirical study of Taiwanese high-tech firms†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36 no. 8, pp. 1046-1056. Cheng, H. 2002, â€Å"Global Communication†, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 228-229. Chitakornkijsil, P. 2009, â€Å"Communication in Global Cultural Teams and International Communication Challenge†, International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online), vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 102-112. Dell’Orto, G. 2010, â€Å"International media communication in a global age†. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 87, no. 3/4, pp. 648-650. Dunn, K.C. 2008, â€Å"Never mind the bollocks: the punk rock politics of global communication†, Review of International Studies, vol. 34, pp. 193-210 Ellis, PD 2010, â€Å"International trade intermediaries and the transfer of marketing knowledge in transition economies†. 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Petrilli, S. 2004, â€Å"Crossing Out Boundaries with Global Communication: The Problem of the Subject†, The American Journal of Semiotics, vol. 20, no. 1-4, pp. 193- 210,271-272. Scotton, J. 2002, â€Å"Global Communication / Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders and Trends†, Journalism Mass Communication Educator, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 276-278. Shankara, V, Inman, J, Matralla, M, Kelly, E Rizley, R 2011, â€Å"Innovations in shopper marketing: current insights and future research issues†. Journal of Retailing, vol. 87, pp. 29-42. Spinks, N. Wells, B. 1997, â€Å"Intercultural communication: a key element in global strategies†, Career Development International, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 287-292. Suh, T, Bae,M, Zhao, H, Kim, SH Arnold, MJ 2010, â€Å"A multi-level investigation of international marketing projects: The roles of experiential knowledge and creativity on performance†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 39 no. 2, pp. 211-220. Winer, RS 2009. â€Å"New communications approaches in marketing: issues and research directions†, Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 23 no. 2, pp. 108-117 Zerbini, F, Golfetto, FG Gibbert, M 2007, â€Å"Marketing of competence: Exploring the resource-based content of value-for-customers through a case study analysis†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36 no. 6, pp.784-798. Zhou, N, Zhuang, G Yip, LS 2007, â€Å"Perceptual difference of dependence and its impact on conflict in marketing channels in China: An empirical study with two-sided data†. Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 36 no. 3, pp. 309-321. Appendices Appendix I: International marketing mix for John Lewis Appendix II: Media Plan 2012 Month Media and frequency of usage Daily cost (KD) Monthly cost (KD) Total (KD) The Arab times The internet The Arab times The internet The Arab times The internet Jan Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Feb Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Mar Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 April Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 May Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 June Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 July Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Aug Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Sept Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Oct Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Nov Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 Dec Thrice a week Monthly 1800 21600 1200 22800 This report on Global media and communication was written and submitted by user Saniyah Holt to help you with your own studies. 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Strangler Fig - South Floridas Strange Hammock Tree

Strangler Fig - South Florida's Strange Hammock Tree Figs are successful forest trees with some 900 separate species worldwide. Figs are extremely common because of their excellent means of dispersal including abundant and good-tasting fruit. The strangler fig, or Ficus aurea, is one of the most interesting trees in a North American Everglades tropical hardwood hammock. Strangler figs, sometimes called golden fig are native to south Florida and the West Indies. The strangler fig produces a continuous crop of seeds via the fruit that is very important to the ecosystem and a major food source for animals. Birds transport and spread these seed in droppings. Strangler Fig's Unusual Propagation Method Strangler fig seeds are sticky and attach to a host tree where it germinates and thrives in tropical moisture. The strangler fig begins its life as a parasite-like epiphyte or air plant but is always seeking a path to the ground and a more dependable source for root uptake of nutrients. The trees seeds lodge in bark fissures of an unfortunate host, germinate and send out air roots that take in nutrients and water from the air and host tree. Eventually, the air roots grow to reach the ground and develop their own underground root system. Cabbage palms are favorite hosts for the strangler fig. Why the Name Strangler Fig The Stranger Fig is one of the strangest plants in a tropical hardwood hammock. It completely entwines its roots and trunk around a host tree. The figs crown grows foliage which soon overshadows the tree. Eventually, the host tree is strangled and dies, leaving the fig with a hollow trunk where the host used to be. The fig takes advantage of the nutrients produced by the rotting host. The Tropical Hardwood Hammock Strangler figs generally grow on raised land called hammocks. The typical tropical hardwood hammock in the Everglades develop only in areas that are protected from fire, flood and salt water. The strangler fig is a very important tree in a typical hammock but not the only tree. A figs tree cover type or biome includes Cabbage palm, slash pine, gumbo-limbo, saw-palmetto, poisonwood and live oak. The Importance of a Strangler Fig It is important to note that this killer epiphyte provides an important niche and food source to many tropical forest creatures. Its hollow trunk, with an abundance of nooks and crannies, provides an important home to thousands of invertebrates, rodents, bats, reptiles, amphibians, and birds. The strangler fig is also considered a keystone tree and necessary in the tropical hardwood ecosystem. Many forms of life are attracted to the fig tree because of its production of large amounts of fig fruits and can be the only source of food during certain seasons.

Ethical Decision for business case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Decision for business case - Essay Example Whilst it is the case that there is a degree of religious freedom in China, all events must be at a state sanctioned religious venue and have the approval of the government. As Gao had no such approval from the government he was arrested and imprisoned for over a month. Upon his release, Gao returned to work however he only had a note from the Chinese police stating that they had held him for three days and had subsequently been released without trial. The quandary lies in the fact that the Chinese partner in the joint venture wanted Gao fired however it is the case that whilst Gao may have violated Chinese religious laws three provisions in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights indicate that everyone has a right to freedom of thought & religion, wither alone or in community with others. Moreover the charter also indicates that all people have the freedom of opinion & expression and that everyone has the right to peaceful assembly and association. As such moralisti cally, Gao was not in violation of any of the protocols as enforced by the Chinese government. The case is further complicated insofar as it is the case that if the American firm were to support Gao it is likely that they will loose a very close ally in the Chinese market and the principle of relationship management in China (Guanxi) is crucial to having a commercial success in the nation. A number of moral complications are presented in this case. Firstly there is the issue of maximizing shareholder value vs. the moral obligation the company has to protecting their employees. If theoretically, Chrysler were to refuse to fire Gao it is likely that they would loose millions of dollars in capital and ultimately may fail in the Chinese market. If Chrysler were to ally with their Chinese partners and fire Gao, it is likely that they would foster a harmonious relationship with the Chinese Communist party as well as their business partners however they would

Abalytical Toxicology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Abalytical Toxicology - Essay Example This still remains a great challenge for analytical chemists and may rely on identification of different target compounds. In the case of precursor drug administration, the parent compounds are usually detectable only for a short time, before being fully metabolised or decomposed. For this reason parent compounds can rarely be used for differentiating. Specific metabolites are usually detectable for a much longer time. Their use as target compounds for differentiating has found little application however, since all metabolites are not extracted together with MA and AM and are additionally fully converted to AM or MA after a certain time post administration. Enantiomeric profiles for methamphetamine and/or amphetamine, metabolically formed from precursors have been described for some medicaments and have been used successfully for differentiating between illicit intake and intake of precursors. Thus a reliable method for the quantitative determination of AM/MA enantiomers is essential for differentiation (Kraemer and Mauer, 2002; Musshof, 2000). A great number of research efforts have focussed on the separation of AM/MA enantiomers particularly from urine or blood matrices. These have been extensively reviewed (e.g. Kraemer and Mauer, 1998; Musshof, 2000). The majority of the methods employed involved enantiomer separation by chromatography, either by HPLC or GC on chiral stationary phases,with or without prior derivatisation with achiral reagents, or by GC on achiral stationary phases, after derivatisation with chiral reagents to the corresponding diastereomers. Detection was commonly by MS to ensure high selectivity and sensitivity. In terms of sample treatment for analyte extraction and concentration, conventional liquid-liquid extraction protocols (Kraemer and Mauer, 1998), solid phase extraction (SPE) on cartridges (Peters et al., 2002) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME - Nagasawa et al., 1996) have been commonly applied. The proposed methods varied in terms of sensitivity, reliability, sample preparation times and analysis times and adaptability to high throughput format. The current trend in the determination of MA/AM enantiomers is towards the substitution of chiral GC/MS protocols by runs on achiral columns of MA/AM diastereomers. This is because MA/AM diastereomerisation has been shown in several cases to improve resolution, to shorten the retention times of analytes and to enhance the response of the detector, i.e. to improve sensitivity (Kraemer and Mauer, 1998; Peters et al., 2002). Furthermore achiral columns are commonly less expensive compared to chiral columns. Different chiral derivatisation reagents have been applied successfully in MA/AM diastereomerisation (Kraemer and Mauer, 1998; Musshof et al., 2002; Peters et al., 2002; Wang, 2005). Recent advances in the field involve a fast SPME-based approach, where absorption and derivatisation are accomplished in a single step by adding the derivatising chiral reagent directly into the urine sample matrix (Wang, 2005) and the application of automated headspace solid-phase dynamic extraction (SP DE) coupled with GC/MS, for the determination of amphetamines and synthetic designer drugs in hair samples (Musshof et al., 2002). The later technique is an innovative GC/MS approach to the enantiomeric determination of amphetamines and will be discussed further. Headspace SPDE constitutes an alternative extraction and concentration method for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in liquid or gaseous samples. Headspace SPDE is a further development of headspace SPME. In fact, SPDE was developed

Construction Essays Construction Industry Workers

Construction Essays Construction Industry Workers Construction Industry Workers The construction industry currently employs 2.2 million workers making it Britain’s largest industry (HSE, 2007). However, the sheer size of the industry comes at a cost as it is regarded as being one of the most dangerous industries to work in due to the individual complexity of construction projects and tough working conditions that workers are exposed to (HSE, 2005). The wide range of activities undertaken by construction workers further emphasises the need for a high level of legislation and management of measures to reduce accident and injuries throughout the entirety of the construction process, from planning to demolition. This is essential if the health and safety on construction sites is likely to improve and become more effective, which is important for not only the people already involved within the construction industry, but also for the expected 2-3% growth within the next 5 years (Reference). (Reference) suggests that poor design and management in the constructio n industry is the principal cause of the unacceptable accident and fatality record throughout construction sites in the UK. This needs to be improved through the improved implementation of measures to reduce these statistics which has been highlighted through the introduction of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007, which are perceived to provide numerous benefits to the construction industry from design concept onwards and help ensure that construction projects are safe to build; safe to use; safe to maintain, and deliver good value. These regulations aim to avoid, reduce and control health and safety risks faced by construction workers and others through preventative measures particularly during the design and management stage, whether engaged in, or affected by, new build, maintenance, repairs, demolition or other construction works (Joyce, 2007). http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/hsc/meetings/2006/171006/c54Ann6.pdf The CDM regulations have the potential to make a significant impact on the industry with regards to health and safety however it is unrealistic to think that this can be achieved very quickly without encountering any problems in an area which has had much debate regarding this topic. It will take time before the new legislation will be free flowing however improvements in both effectiveness and efficiency can be expected as lessons are learnt. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Rationale for the Research The subject of this dissertation developed from a personal interest in the Health and Safety aspect of the construction industry and the significant research within the industry on how to minimise the injuries and fatalities on construction sites. In the construction industry, the risk of fatality is four times more likely to occur than in any other industry throughout the UK, whilst the risk of major injury is two and a half times higher (HSC, 2005b). A Health and Safety Executive (HSE, 1997) study, reveals that the construction industry has one of the highest ratios of non-injury to injury accidents of all UK industries. For every major accident on a construction site, Heinrich’s accident to incident ratio model suggest that there will be approximately thirty minor accidents and three hundred near misses (Hughes Ferrett, 2007). The HSE (2007) recorded 77 fatalities on construction sites during 2006/2007 and 3,711 major injuries to employees in construction related accidents . Include the 7,108 over 3 day injuries reported to the HSE and an estimation of under-reporting of injuries of approximately 45%, and it is evident that the accident rates in the construction industry is unacceptable and needs to be reduced. The Government and the Health and Safety Commission became aware of this on going poor record in the construction industry and at the Construction Health and Safety Summit in 2001, set a target of reducing the number of fatalities and accidents by 66% in the UK by 2010. The fatality rate appeared to be reducing year after year, with a industry record low of 59 fatalities in 2005/2006 (HSC, 2006) compared to the 69 in 2004/2005 (HSC, 2005) showing sufficient progress was being made. However, the 77 fatalities recorded in 2006/2007, and already 60 fatalities recorded in the first 9 months of the 2007/2008 period (HSE, 2007) shows that progress was short lived and that once again the rate of fatalities and injuries within construction sites is inc onsistent and starting to rise. The latest published statistics by the HSE shows the increased need to improve the measures used in order to prevent accidents and fatalities on construction sites. The CDM regulations 2007 which is the latest legislation to be introduced to the construction industry aim to achieve this through implementing regulations to develop improvements at the design and management stage of construction projects by placing more responsibility on all parties involved. The HSE suggested in ‘Blackspot Construction’ that 70% of the fatalities and accidents on construction sites could have been prevented by positive action by managers within the industry (Joyce, 2001) and speaking from Ashburton Grove, Kevin Myers, Chief Inspector for Construction said: â€Å"Every fatality is one too many, most are preventable, each a tragedy for those affected†. As a result the fundamental aim of this study is to identify factors to improve health and safety mea sures on construction sites within the UK with a view to reducing the number of accidents and fatalities. The importance of improving these measures to reduce accident statistics is because, apart from the human cost of suffering, moral and legal effects an accident may have; the economic cost to organisations can be devastating. In a study undertaken by the HSE, it was shown that accidents produce direct costs such as injury, ill health or damage which can be insured against, however it is the indirect costs such as material damage and legal costs that are most costly to organisations as they can be up to 36 times greater than the direct cost of an accident (Hughes Ferrett). The following information in this chapter gives further details about the principle aim and objectives for this research topic. Aim To identify factors to improve health and safety measures on construction sites within the UK with a view to reducing the number of accidents and fatalities. Objectives This aim will be investigated through a series of key objectives: 1.To provide an understanding of the current health and safety legislation that surrounds the construction industry with a particular focus on the CDM regulations 2007. 2.To provide a review of the history of accidents and fatalities within the construction industry. 3.To identify the current measures used to prevent accidents and injuries on construction sites. 4.To establish the main effect of preventative measures and what factors would assist the preventative measures used on construction sites within the UK in order to reduce the number of accidents within the construction industry. 5.To identify operatives understanding of the CDM regulations as well as success and problems associated with them. 6.To establish views from CDM duty holders on the current effectiveness of the CDM regulations. Outline Research Methodology This research topic has incorporated two research approaches in order to collect information which was the following: secondary data collection and primary data collection. Secondary data collection This form of research refers to the ‘desk study’ approach where data is obtained from sources that cite from primary sources. This method had been used to achieve the first, second and third objectives. These sources will be critically appraised by means of a systematic literature review which will cover the internet, textbooks, newspaper articles, research journals, thesis, reports, trade publications, etc. Primary data collection This form of research refers to the methods of primary data collection which can take the form of a number of practical approaches. This method of research was accomplished to utilise objectives four and five. The selected method for this thesis will be a structured survey approach in the form of a questionnaire. This method was selected as it is the best form of gathering data from a large number of respondents in a relatively short time frame. The questionnaires will adopt a semi structured format, employing both open and closed questions to gather the appropriate data. The research method is a way in which the research objectives can be questioned and achieved. Throughout my research I will be using a number of core sources of references such as the books, the internet, newspapers, companies, journals and questionnaires in order to carry out my objectives. I will decide upon the most appropriate research strategy which can be carried out in two ways depending on the purpose of the study and the type and availability of the information required. These two methods can be classified as â€Å"Quantitative† and â€Å"Qualitative†. Quantitative research (Naoum, 2007) can be defined as â€Å"objective† in nature. It involves the description or analysis of statistical procedures that involves specific measurements of variables to determine whether a theory holds true. Qualitative research on the other hand can be defined as â€Å"subjective† in nature (Naoum, 2007). It does not involve the use of specific variables, but relies o n reasons behind various aspects of data. It emphasizes the means, experiences and different descriptions of topics from different authors points of view. The type of qualitative data collected fell under the classification of attitudinal research. Attitudinal research is used to ‘subjectively’ evaluate the ‘opinion’, ‘view’, or the ‘perception’ of a person, towards a particular object (Naoum, 2007). For this study the ‘object’ has been the CDM regulations and the ‘person’ has been the duty holders that implement these regulations. The purpose of this section is to inform the reader of the contents of this dissertation. Each chapter within the dissertation has a brief description stating what each chapter includes, the purpose of it, and its relationship to carry out the research aim and objectives, followed by a conclusion of the chapter. Chapter One Introduction Chapter one highlights to the reader the main topic area that is being investigated and researched into. It does not going into depth in the topic but it does provide a background and rationale into the research area. Within this chapter the research aim will be described as well as the objectives and the research methodology used in order to achieve the objectives set. Chapter Two History of Health and Safety legislation Chapter two will provide a detailed description of the health and safety legislation that has surrounded the construction industry since the first publication in 1961. A particular focus will be on the latest legislation known as the CDM regulations 2007 highlighting specific roles each professional has within the regulations in order to implement rules to provide a safer construction site. This chapter will also provide a background into the main changes that have occurred and assess the main reasons for why these changes were necessary. Chapter Three – Accidents and injuries within the construction industry This chapter intends to review the statistics provided by the HSE on fatalities and accidents within the EU member states, the industries within the UK and in particular and in particular the accidents and fatalities within the construction industry. It will analyse statistics prior to the introduction of the CDM regulations as well as after the introduction of these regulations highlighting any common problems that have occurred and potential reasons this. Chapter Four – Measures to prevent accidents on construction sites This chapter intends to review the main systems in place to reduce accidents on construction sites and comment on which are the most successful that should be developed further. This chapter will also discuss the cost implementations of implementing these measures along with the potential benefits of doing so. Chapter Five Research Methodology and Questionnaire / Interview Design This chapter highlights my proposed research methodology for obtaining the information necessary for my study. This chapter also describes how questions for my interview have developed as my research has become more detailed, as well as why such questions were chosen for the interview and what I intend to achieve from these. Chapter Six Analysis of Results Chapter Seven with provide the reader with a detailed analysis of the results from my questionnaire / interview. A wide range of data will be gathered so therefore a summary of the information which highlights specific areas will be presented in the form of charts, tables, graphs and a written conclusion of the results. Chapter Seven Conclusions and Recommendations This chapter was designed to provide the reader with a final discussion and conclusion for the research information that has been collected as well as to provide imitations of the study and recommendations for future research. The dissertation does not provide a chapter titled ‘literature review‘, however in order to achieve the objectives set, a comprehensive literature review will be ongoing throughout the study to critically appraise issues and statements identified and gain the industries, work operatives and authors opinions of the progress, effectiveness and success of the CDM regulations within the construction industry. A wide range of key literature from sources such as research journals, refereed conferences, thesis, textbooks, reports, trade publications and newspaper articles on this research topic have been reviewed, analysed and appraised of their strengths and weaknesses. Chapter Two:History of Health and Safety Legislation This chapter intends to provide a background into the history of the UK’s health and safety legislation that has governed the construction industry and progressed over time. A particular focus on the CDM regulations 2007 will be provided, highlighting key roles and responsibilities as well as the necessary components of the regulations. Factories Act 1961 The Factories Act 1961 was the starting point for parliamentary legislation on health and safety matters within the construction industry. Construction safety was first introduced into safety law in the Factories Act 1937, however further amendments and alterations were made in 1948 and 1959 before the final consolidating measure in 1961 to produce the final version known as the Factories Act 1961 (Holt, 2001). One of the main problems encountered with the Factories Act 1961 was that it only applied to premises defined within it, such as factories, and did not cover other workplaces such as schools or hospitals. This was the main reason for the introduction of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The relevant contents of the Factories Act 1961 have since been applied to other legislation with the remaining sections left out that are of little relevance to the construction industry (Holt, 2001). Fire Precautions Act 1971 (Amended 1989) The introduction of the fire precautions act 1971 ensured that all properties regulated by the Act should require a fire certificate that should only be authorised by the fire authority. These certificates were only awarded if the inspection of the property met the safety requirements outlined in the act itself. The requirements introduced by the Fire Precautions Act 1971 paid particular attention to the people working on the premises; this involved making them aware of the means of escape as well as ensuring that people on the premises have sufficient warning to evacuate in the event of a fire. The act did not just ensure that there was sufficient facilities in place to combat a fire but also ensured that personnel employed within the building received sufficient instruction and training in what to do if a fire ever occurred. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1971 (Amended 1974, 2002) The introduction of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1971 (HAS 1971) involved improvements to the Factories Act 1961. The Act’s obligations are based more on relationships between organizations and employees rather than on narrow definitions on types of premises as in the Factories Act 1961 (Holt, 2001). The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1971 is currently the centrepiece of legislation for all industries in Great Britain that provides the legal framework to achieve high standards in health and safety. The act was responsible for establishing the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) enabling them to propose health and safety regulations and approved codes of practice, they both however act in accordance with the secretary of state who must be informed of any proposed amendment or new regulations. The Health and Safety Commission The Health and Safety Commission and the Health and Safety Executive are responsible for the revision of the CDM Regulations. They were originally established as part of the Health and  Safety  at Work etc Act 1974 as two separate non-departmental public bodies (HSE, 2007). The HSC is appointed by the secretary of state whose main aim is to protect members of the UK against health and safety risks that may occur during working activities. In order to achieve this they must conduct and sponsor research; promote training; provide an information and advisory service; and submit proposals for new or revised regulations and approved codes of practices (HSC, 2007). http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/hsc/index.htm The Health and Safety Executive The role of the Health and Safety Executive is to assist the Health and Safety Commission to ensure that risks to people’s health and safety from work activities are properly controlled (HSE, 2007). The HSE is the main enforcement and advisory body to the HSC however for activities that involve lower risks such as offices then local authorities have equal powers to enforce (Holt, 2001). http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/hse/index.htm The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 The health and safety (First Aid) regulations 1981 contained certain regulations that apply to construction sites and their workers. The act places vast amounts of responsibility on employers who are required to carry out an assessment of first aid needs which involves consideration of workplace hazards and risks, the size of the organisation and other relevant factors, to determine what first aid equipment, facilities and personnel should be provided. The location of these provisions should be made aware to all employees by the employer under regulation 4. Regulation 3 states that employers are responsible to ensure that adequate and appropriate equipment and facilities are available for enabling first aid to be rendered to an employee in the event of being injured or taken ill whilst at work (HMSO, 1981). It was also the responsibility of the employer, under regulation 3, to ensure that a competent person is available at all times to carry out first aid procedures in the event of a n injury or illness occurring on the construction site. http://www.hse.gov.uk/firstaid/legislation.htm#duties Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 (Amended 2002) The Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 came into force as of the 30th March 1990 in an attempt to prevent head injuries whilst working on construction sites. These regulations apply to all members of the workforce with the responsibility of the employer to provide each employee who is at work with suitable head protection, maintain it, and replace it wherever necessary as outlined in regulation 3. Under regulation 4 the employer, self employed or anyone who has authority over another person must ensure that suitable head protection is worn whenever reasonably practicable. In the event of self employed workers entering the site, they must wear and comply with all rules set by the site they are working on in order to comply with regulation 4. In order to comply with regulation 5, all rules established with the wearing of suitable head protection must be provided in writing and brought to the attention of any worker that may be affected by them. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1989/Uksi_19892209_en_1.htm The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 first came into force on the 1st April 1990 in order to target the number of health and safety risks exposed to work operatives on construction sites involving working with electricity (HMSO, 1989). These regulations place responsibilities on both the employer and self-employed to comply with the provisions of these Regulations and the duty of the employees to co-operate with the rules set by the employer. Regulation 4 sets out standards to be achieved involving systems, work activities and protective equipment. This involves ensuring that all systems when carrying out operations should be adequate, used and maintained in an efficient manner in order to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, any risks of danger. Regulations 4 of this legislation also indicates that any equipment provided in order to protect work operatives carrying out tasks on or near electrical equipment must be appropriate, maintained in a satisfactory condition and used in the correct manner. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1989/Uksi_19890635_en_1.htm The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 (Amended 1999, 2006) The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 came into effect as of the 1st January 1993 which placed responsibility upon all employers and self-employed to carry out suitable and sufficient risks assessments with regard to health and safety issues on construction sites. This is to ensure that regulation 3 is achieved through informing employees of the potential issues that may affect, or potentially affect the health and safety of another person on site. The other most significant responsibility placed on the employer under regulation 11 is to ensure that they fulfil capability and training requirements set out in this legislation. This involves the employer making sure all employees are provided with adequate health and safety training upon recruitment or upon being exposed to new or increased risks such as the introduction of new work equipment. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1992/Uksi_19922051_en_2.htm#mdiv1 The Manual Handling and Operations Regulations 1992 (Amended 2002) The Manual Handling and Operations Regulations 1992 were first enforced on the 1st January 1993 which introduced the requirement for employers to avoid the need for their employees to undertake any manual handling operations at work which involves a risk of being injured, this is outlined in regulation 4. If manual handling and operations are undertaken then it is the responsibility of the employer to keep these occurrences to levels as low as possible as well as to provide employees with general indications where it is reasonably practicable to do so such as the weight of each load. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1992/Uksi_19922793_en_1.htm The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (Amended 2002) The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 came into effect on the 1st January 1993 to try to ensure that Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is provided and worn at all times if work operatives are presented with a situation that provide risks to their personal health and safety. Regulation 4 of the act states that it is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that PPE is provided to all employees whilst at work if they are likely to be exposed to health and safety risks, any self employed work operative must provide their own PPE once entering the construction site. Regulation 4 also emphasise that the PPE provided should be appropriate for the risks involved and should fit correctly or at least have a mechanism for adjustments that enable it to be worn correctly. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1992/Uksi_19922966_en_2.htm#mdiv1 The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (Revised 2002, Amended 2003) The WHSW regulations 1992 came into force on the 1st January 1993. These regulations do not apply specifically to construction sites which means they have had no effect in reducing the number of accidents and fatalities throughout the construction industry. The construction industry had two specific sets of regulations that were industry-specific before the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 as these regulations incorporated both of them. These were known as the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 and the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 which are described in more detail below: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 (Amended 2007) The CDM regulations 1994 first came into force on the 31st March 1995 with a view to further reducing the number of accidents occurring within the construction industry (Joyce, 2001). The main aims of the regulations were to reduce the regular occurrence of accidents and ill health arising from construction work (Percy, 2002). The main influence these regulation had on the construction industry was that it shared responsibility of health and safety issues during construction work between all parties and not purely the responsibility of the contractor (Joyce 2001). These regulations were in place for 12 years but have recently been amended and are now known as the CDM regulations 2007. The reasons for the amendments were due a number of problems encountered with the CDM regulations 1994 such as the ongoing debate about there effectiveness, high level of unnecessary bureaucracy, lack of clarity and regulations that were subject to misinterpretation throughout their enforcement (Joyce, 2001). The CDM regulations 2007 intend to take on board the research into these problems and readdress the main criticisms in order to improve the effectiveness within the industry. The CDM regulations 2007 are discussed further in section 6.0. Reports of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 came into force as of the 6th April 2006. These regulations have an effect with a view to protecting workers against the potential risks to their personal HS arising from exposure to noise at work (HMSO, 2005). It is the responsibility of the employer under regulation 5 to provide a risk assessment to assess the potential risks of exposure to noise an employee may face when carrying out work on site, if exposure is likely to occur then where possible it should be eliminated at the source or reduced to nose levels as low as possible in order to comply with these regulations. In order to support regulation 5, regulation 7 sets out to ensure that the employer must provide personal hearing protection to any employee who is exposed to high noise levels in order to protect their health and safety, this must be supported with the use of appropriate safety signs in order to inform work operatives of an area that is subject to high noise levels. R egulations 9 and 10 respectively are provided to ensure that if employees are exposed to high levels of noise then the employer must ensure that they are placed under suitable health surveillance as well as provide them with suitable and sufficient information, instruction and training in order to carry out their tasks efficiently (HMSO, 2005). Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 The CHSWR 1996 were enforced as of the 2nd September 1996 which replaced the Construction (General Provisions) Regulations 1961, the Construction (Health and Welfare) Regulations 1966 and the Construction (Working Places) Regulations 1966, which were all revoked (Holt, 2001). These regulations were introduced as the construction equivalent of the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 as they do not apply to constructions sites (Holt, 2001). The CHSW Regulations 1996 were created by the HSC which represented the UK’s implementation of Annexe IV of the Temporary and Mobile Construction Sites Directive (Clarke, 1999). Before the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007, the CHSW regulations 1996 applied to all construction work and along with the CDM regulations 1994, they provided a life cycle of health and safety standards throughout the entirety of construction projects. This was achieved as both these sets of regulations applied to different aspects of const ruction work which meant there was no overlapping of each legislation between the two sets of regulations. The CHSW 1996 applied to workers carrying out construction site work where as the CDM regulations 1994 applied to those in the design and management process. Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 were first enforced on the 1st April 1996, they were introduced as a set of regulations to notify the construction industry of the minimum requirements for the provision of safety signs at work. This act complies with the MHSW regulations 1992 as an employer must provide appropriate safety signs if they feel that the risk assessment made as a requirement of the MHSW 1992 regulations cannot adequately reduce risks to employees after adopting appropriate techniques for collective protection, and measures, methods or procedures used in the organisation of work. These signs are used to warn or instruct employees of the nature of potential risks they may face and inform the employees of the appropriate measures to be taken to protect against them. This act also introduces a standardised system of safety signs; this enables workers to be able to travel from different construction sites and not face the problem of different m eanings for different signs. In order to comply with regulation 5; employers must ensure that each of their employees receives suitable and sufficient instruction and training in the meaning of safety signs and the measures to be taken in connection with safety signs. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1996/Uksi_19960341_en_1.htm Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 2002 The COSHH regulations 2002 were introduced to the construction industry on the 21st November 2002, this legislation placed responsibility upon employers to ensure that exposure to substances hazardous to health is either prevented or, if not reasonably practicable, adequately controlled (HMSO, 2002). The employer should prevent from carrying out work that may potentially expose an employee to substances hazardous to health unless they have carried out appropriate risk assessments and carried out the suitable processes in order to comply with these regulations, and safeguard workers on site. Regulations 12 of the regulations states that an employer should provide employees with suitable and sufficient information, instruction and traini